Natural Cure

A report developed by staff at NZHTA in order to systematically identify and appraise international epidemiological evidence for reduced harm related to the major health effects of using modified smokeless tobacco products compared with conventional combustible tobacco products.

On March 20, student free speech joined the steady string of endangered fundamental rights ready to be stripped away from us due to the tragedy of the drug war. Kenneth Starr, former solicitor general, who reached broad fame by highlighting a presidential sex scandal in the Clinton years, stood before the land's highest court to argue the "Bong Hits 4 Jesus" case.

On Monday, Dr. William Hurwitz began a second trial on 50 counts of unlawful prescribing of opioid pain medication. Prosecutors are seeking to hold him responsible for the misdeeds of a small number of his patients, some of whom secretly sold or misused the pills they were prescribed. The government is charging Dr. Hurwitz as a drug kingpin, though it has never claimed that Dr. Hurwitz profited from his patients' activities.

In August of last year, the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals unanimously reversed Dr. Hurwitz's initial conviction and 25-year sentence because the judge in the 2004 trial had barred the jury from considering whether the doctor had prescribed the medicines in good faith, in order to provide what he believed was the best medical care for his patients.

This case is being watched closely by doctors and patients who must deal with issues surrounding pain medication. The government's prosecution of Dr. Hurwitz occurs in the context of a nationwide law enforcement campaign against the use of powerful analgesics to treat patients suffering from severe chronic pain. Scores of resulting physician convictions have seriously chilled the willingness of many physicians to provide adequate treatment for their patients, for fear that they could end up as criminal drug defendants.

"It is profoundly disturbing that federal cops and lawyers have second-guessed the medical judgment of Dr. Hurwitz and the Virginia Medical Board, and chosen to treat him as a drug dealer instead of the compassionate physician he is," said Daniel Abrahamson, DPA's director of legal affairs. Abrahamson continued, "This misguided prosecution, carried out in the name of the federal war on drugs, has already ruined one pain expert's career, and will erect even steeper barriers for millions of Americans who suffer from untreated or under-treated pain and cannot find effective relief at the hands of skilled and compassionate doctors. State medical boards, not police and prosecutors, should regulate medical practice."

In September 2005, DPA filed an amicus (friend-of-the-court) brief in Dr. Hurwitz’s appeal, signed by leading pain treatment experts from across the country. The brief sought to educate the court about the difficulties faced by pain patients seeking adequate treatment. It corrected common misunderstandings about pain therapy and explained how the federal government misconstrued both federal law and accepted standards of medical practice in prosecuting Dr. Hurwitz.

Dr. Hurwitz’s legal plight is part of an eightfold increase in physician prosecutions over the past three years. An estimated 30 percent—or 50 to 75 million Americans—suffer from chronic pain on a daily basis. As such, untreated pain is considered the nation's largest health problem and results in more lost days from work than heart disease and cancer combined.

Dr. Hurwitz’s defense is backed by a large and prestigious coalition of leading health institutions and practitioners, including the American Academy of Pain Medicine, the American Pain Foundation, the National Pain Foundation, the National Foundation for the Treatment of Pain, and the American Association of Physicians and Surgeons.

Dr. Hurwitz is being represented pro bono by attorneys Richard Sauber, of Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson, and Larry Robbins, of Robbins, Russell, Englert, Orseck & Untereiner. "We have taken on Dr. Hurwitz's defense because of our concern for the grave legal and social policy ramifications of this misguided prosecution, and because we believe Dr. Hurwitz was operating as a physician and not a drug dealer, as the government claims," Mr. Sauber said.

During the 20th century, support for a deontological approach to illicit drugs grew steadily. As a deontological framework was invoked, how goals were accomplished was considered more important than what was achieved. Accordingly, global drug prohibition was considered right even though illicit drug production and consumption, deaths, disease, crime and official corruption increased steadily.

The American Academy of Pediatrics continues to believe that adolescents should not be drug tested without their knowledge and consent. Recent US Supreme Court decisions and market forces have resulted in recommendations for drug testing of adolescents at school and products for parents to use to test adolescents at home.